Changes

The goal of cleaning is to remove as much biomaterial as possible, while the goal of sanitizing is to reduce the population of viable microbes as much as possible and prevent them from growing on surfaces during the non-production time. It's been shown that chemical cleaners are better at removing biofilms than sanitizers and disinfectants, and sanitizers that kill planktonic cells in suspension may not be effective at killing cells within biofilms. Complete removal of unwanted microbes within biofilms can be achieved by first using a cleaning agent followed by a sanitizing agent. CIP procedures may not be enough to remove biofilms without high turbulent flow with spray nozzles and the use of heat (low cleaning temperatures are not effective at removing biofilms). Chlorinated alkaline detergents were found to be the most effective at removing biofilms <ref name="Wirtanen_2001" />. Below is a typical CIP process according to [http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2000/P410.pdf Erna Storgårds (2000)]; use hot temperatures when possible and maximum times to more effectively remove biofilms:

| Alkali cleaning with 1.5-4% sodium hydroxide (caustic) || cold or hot (60-85°C) || 10-60 min

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid EDTA (ethylene diaminetetra-acetic acid)] is , chlorinated disinfectants, and hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectants such as Pur-Ox from Birko or Lerasept-O from Loeffler are effective at breaking up biofilms <ref name="Wirtanen_2001" /><ref>Brandon Jones. Private correspondence with Dan Pixley. 04/02/2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/TheBrewery/comments/6hqnvf/mtkettle_cleaning/dj0zd0s/ Levader on Reddit.com. "The Brewery". Retrieved 04/02/2018.]</ref>. Peracetic acid (PAA) has been shown to be effective against biofilms, but its effectiveness decreases below 20°C. Chlorine and iodine-based disinfectants destroy microbe at colder temperatures, however, they are less effective in the presence of wort or other residues. Hot water is one of the most effective disinfectants, however, dry heat is not effective at killing bacteria (one strain of ''L. brevis'' was able to withstand 80°C dry heat for 60 minutes) <ref name="Wirtanen_2001" />.