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The wooden fermentation vessels are frequently oak wine barrels in the 220-400 L (58-105 gal) range but other woods such as chestnut are used and the vessels may also be large tuns or foudres holding upwards of 45 HL (about 1200 gal, or about 34 bbl). These barrels provide two primary benefits for the fermentation - they allow a small amount of oxygen permeability and they provide an environment which houses some of the microbes active in the fermentation (notably ''Brettanomyces'', which can penetrate into the wood and in some cases can metabolize compounds present in the wood such as cellobiose, which is produced from toasting of the wood) <ref name="Vinnie on the Session Jan 2010">[http://www.thebrewingnetwork.com/post1940/ Vinnie Cilurzo of Russian River on the Brewing Network's Sunday Session, 17-January-2010]</ref>(~3:22 in). While a controlled micro-oxidation can be beneficial to the beer, too much oxygen exposure can lead to excessive acetic acid and/or ethyl acetate production (either from ''Brettanomyces'' or ''Acetobacter'') <ref name="yakobson1">[http://www.brettanomycesproject.com/dissertation/pure-culture-fermentation/pure-culture-fermentation-discussion/ Yakobson, Chad. Pure Culture Fermentation Characteristics of Brettanomyces Yeast Species and Their Use in the Brewing Industry. Pure Culture Fermentation Discussion. 2011.]</ref>. In addition the barrels may provide flavor and structure from tannins and, in some cases, what they previously held.
On a homebrew scale a fair amount of attention has been paid to the topic of oxygen permeability in different fermentation vessels and closures <ref>[http://www2.parc.com/emdl/members/apte/GingerBeer.pdf Raj Apte's oxygen permeability table]</ref> <ref>[http://www.mocon.com/assets/documents/PPS_Article_highq.pdf Better Bottle closure study]</ref> <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boLqmFIzUZ0&list=PLibE2BjPG_8H0IZe4fS2FD4uidCFhgzBn&index=4 Dan's video discussing airlocks and fermenters]</ref>. It has been suggested that sealing a glass carboy with a wooden dowel or chair leg can result in similar oxygen permeability as a wine barrel. Although this was quite a clever idea for replicating oxygen exposure, this is not recommended as it can lead to breakage of the glass carboys <ref name="Mad Fermentationist Oak">[http://www.themadfermentationist.com/2007/02/8-homebrew-barrel.html Mad Fermentationist $8 homebrew barrel]</ref>. While micro-oxygenation may be an important part of some spontaneous production it may be getting too much attention in homebrew carboy conditions <ref name="Mad Fermentationist Oak">[http://www.themadfermentationist.com/2007/02/8-homebrew-barrel.html Mad Fermentationist $8 homebrew barrel]</ref> (see comments) relative to other controls such as temperature, microbes, and time. See the [[Barrel]] page for discussions on the barrels available to homebrewers. Since spontaneous fermentations can take several days to begin, some professional brewers have recommended that carboys should be filled as close to the neck as possible to limit the initial headspace and oxygen in that headspace so as to avoid [[mold]] growth (lowering the wort pH to under 4.5 will also help prevent mold growth during the early stages of fermentation) <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/14420802524868511247501295278082/?matchcomment_id=c3BvbnRhbmVvdXMgZmVybWVudGF0aW9uLG1vbGQ1247509875277224&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%3D 7D MTF post regarding mold growth in homebrew spontaneous fermentations. 1003/1906/2016.]</ref>.
Regarding fermentation temperature, commercial producers looking for balanced acidity and flavor/aroma complexity prefer cooler fermentation temperatures in the range of the high 50s to low 60s F (~13-18 C) <ref name="Spontaneous Sour Hour">[http://www.thebrewingnetwork.com/membersarchive/sourhour2015_05_wildfriendship.mp3 The Sour Hour Episode 11 with Rob Tod and Jason Perkins from Allagash, Jean Van Roy from Cantillon, and Vinnie Cilurzo from Russian River]</ref> (~1:14 in). Temperature control is very important to some Lambic producers. 3 Fonteinen had temperature controlled cellars, highlighting the importance of aging temperature. Unfortunately the temperature control thermostat failed and resulted in the brewery nearly going out of business <ref>[https://www.lambic.info/Brouwerij_3_Fonteinen lambic.info 3F]</ref>. This temperature range allows slow and balanced fermentation by the diverse array of microbes present. Warming the fermentation too much results in enhanced production of acidity which is out of line with what the lambic producer is aiming for. This can be used to the advantage of the brewer when producing certain non-lambic inspired spontaneously fermented beers (see below, [[Spontaneous_Fermentation#Alternative_Applications_of_Spontaneous_Fermentation|Alternative applications of spontaneous fermentation]]).