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Brettanomyces

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The production of biogenic amines by ''Brettanomyces'' is strain dependent. Relatively low levels of biogenic amines can be produced by various strains. Vigentini et al. (2008) found that 5 strains of ''B. bruxellensis'' were able to produce detectable levels of putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine. Most strains produced 0.4 mg/L or below of these biogenic amines, while one strain produced 1.2-1.3 mg/L of spermidine at 60 days, which reduced 0.70-0.85 mg/L at 95 days. In general, the maximum biogenic amines were produced between 40-60 days <ref>[https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/8/7/1087/492808 Physiological and oenological traits of different Dekkera/Brettanomyces bruxellensis strains under wine-model conditions. Ileana Vigentini, Andrea Romano, Concetta Compagno, Annamaria Merico, Francesco Molinari, Antonio Tirelli, Roberto Foschino, Gaspare Volonterio. 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00395.x.]</ref>.
Agnolucci et al. (2009) found similar results with 7 strains of ''B. bruxellensis''. None of the strains produced histamine, synephrine, tyramine or spermine. All of the strains produced under 1 mg/L of most biogenic amines, with hexylamine being produced more so in the range of 1.02-3.92 mg/L <ref>[https://linkwww.springersciencedirect.com/science/article/10.1007pii/s11274-017-2345-z S0168160509000488 Genetic diversity and physiological traits of Brettanomyces bruxellensis strains isolated from Tuscan Sangiovese wines. Agnolucci M, Vigentini I, Capurso G, Merico A, Tirelli A, Compagno C, Foschino R, Nuti M. 2009.]</ref>:
[[File:Biogenic amines Agnolucci .JPG|none|thumb|500px|Source: [https://linkwww.springersciencedirect.com/science/article/10.1007pii/s11274-017-2345-z S0168160509000488 Agnolucci M, Vigentini I, Capurso G, Merico A, Tirelli A, Compagno C, Foschino R, Nuti M (2009) Genetic diversity and physiological traits of Brettanomyces bruxellensis strains isolated from Tuscan Sangiovese wines. Int J Food Microbiol 130:238–244]]]
For more information on biogenic amines, see the following:

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