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Detection methods <ref name="Wirtanen_2001" /><ref name="Bokulich_2018" />:
* [http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/27440/InTech-Use_of_atp_bioluminescence_for_rapid_detection_and_enumeration_of_contaminants_the_milliflex_rapid_microbiology_detection_and_enumeration_system.pdf ATP bioluminescence system monitors for contaminants.] This method uses light to detect organic matter, but cannot identify the microorganisms that are present. It also indicates whether the biological matter is low enough to employ disinfectant.
* Swabbing and cultivating on agar and PCR.
* Direct epifluorescence filter technique (DEFT)/microcolony method.