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→Genetic Engineering
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See also:
* [https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202107.0423/v1 Brewing Efficacy of Non-Conventional Saccharomyces Non-Cerevisiae Yeasts; 2021.]
===''S. cerevisiae''===
: <youtube height="200" width="300">E6qBnBQuWF4</youtube>
* [http://masterbrewerspodcast.com/101-the-yeasts-of-tomorrow Stijn Mertens and Jan Steensels talk about their work on the MBAA podcast.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome Genome searches] and [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/study/? strain ID publication searches] (see [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/4506794029348776/?comment_id=4507353275959518 this example]).
* Media stories of "ancient yeast" supposedly being revived:
** [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/2934420516586143/ MTF discussion on a claim that a 4500 year old yeast was recovered from Egyptian pottery.]
* [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.26.166157v1.full Modern brewing yeasts continue to adapt to the modern brewing environment as the brewing methods change from yeast lab propagation and serial re-pitching: "Genomic stability and adaptation of beer brewing yeasts during serial repitching in the brewery".]
:<youtube height="200" width="300">sPHwItOxuK0</youtube>
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/4374738789220968/ MTF thread] by Dr. Bryan Heit provides a summary of [https://elifesciences.org/articles/63910 "Phenotypic and molecular evolution across 10,000 generations in laboratory budding yeast populations"]
See also:
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/4640413255986852/?comment_id=4640439825984195 None of the wine yeast strains from White Labs are killer positive, according to Kara Taylor, White Labs Senior Lab Manager.]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/2202753476419521/?comment_id=2202936416401227&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D Bryan Heit's simple method for testing for killer sensitivity using nothing more than agar plates.]
* [https://www.homebrewtalk.com//forum/threads/from-the-lab-wine-yeast-pof-and-killer-status.648095/ List of killer strains as well as phenol production (4VG and 4VP) in various wine yeasts, compiled from a scientific study Hisamoto et al. (2010).]
* For the implications of this on re-yeasting beer with wine yeast at packaging, see the [[Packaging#Re-yeasting|Packaging]] page.
* For concerns about using bottle dregs from commercial sour beers that are bottled with wine or champagne yeast, see [[Commercial_Sour_Beer_Dregs_Inoculation#Potential_Problems_and_Issues|Commercial Sour Beer Dregs]].
* [http://www.babblebelt.com/newboard/thread.html?tid=1108752780&th=1275037001 Shea Comfort notes on wine yeast on the BBB.]
* [https://byo.com/article/brewing-with-wine-yeast/ "Brewing With Wine Yeasts" by Michael Tonsmeire"]. See also [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1392709617423915/ Dara McMains's MTF thread on beer fermentation with wine yeast and ''Brettanomyces''].
* [https://www.asianbeernetwork.com/brewing-beer-with-wine-yeast "Brewing Beer with Wine Yeast," by Neil Playfoot, Asian Beer Network.]
To do: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317177883_Biology_of_Killer_Yeast_and_Technological_Implications
* [https://www.mbaa.com/education/webinars/Pages/webcast.aspx?vid=diastaticus MBAA webinar by Wade Begrow (free for MBAA members, $50 for non-members).]
* [https://www.masterbrewerspodcast.com/193 MBAA Podcast Episode 193, "Killer Yeast" with Nicholas Ketchum on using killer yeast strains to kill diastatic yeast.]
* [https://brulosophy.com/podcasts/the-bru-lab/ Bru Lab Podcast, Episode 021 | Detection and Risk Assessment of Diastatic Yeast w/ Dr. Laura Burns.]
====''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' var ''boulardii''====
Although originally designed as a separate species (''S. boulardii''), it is actually a variety of ''S. cerevisiae'' and shares more than 99% of the genetic makeup of ''S cerevisiae'' <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_boulardii ''Saccharomyces boulardii''. Wikipedia. Retrieved 12/07/2017.]</ref>. This strain is sold by [[East Coast Yeast]] in their ECY03 Farmhouse Blend and [[Bootleg Biology]] as their "Chardonnay" strain <ref>[https://bootlegbiology.com/product/chardonnay "Chardonnay (S. cerevisiae boulardii)". Bootleg Biology website. Retrieved 11/20/2019.]</ref>.
====Genetic Engineering====
* [https://www.lallemandbrewing.com/en/united-states/product-details/sourvisiae Lallemand SOURVISIAE®] is GE California ale yeast based strain that produces lactic acid as a by product of fermentation. See also [http://suigenerisbrewing.com/index.php/2021/02/19/diving-deep-in-to-sourvisiae/ "Diving Deep In To Sourvisiae" by Dr. bryan Heit].
* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-021-11626-y Efficient breeding of industrial brewing yeast strains using CRISPR/Cas9-aided mating-type switching.]
===''S. jurei''===
* [https://www.crowdcast.io/e/escarpment-labs-fermentation-innovation Kristoffer Krogerus presentation on the genetics and evolution of lager yeast, hosted by Escarpment Laboratories, 4/20/2020.]
* [https://phys.org/news/2019-12-pilsner-yeast-strains-ancestor.amp "All pilsner yeast strains originate from a single yeast ancestor," by Delft University of Technology], summarizing the study by [https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-019-6263-3 Salazar et al. (2019)].
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/posts/4987612867933554/ MTF thread by Kristoffer Krogerus on how to use tetraploid interspecific hybrids to produce viable spores for designed lager yeast strain development, with a link to his peer reviewed article, 09/17/2021.]
==In Fermentation==
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| Wild Thing || Ontario || 75-82 || Med || 25+ || This wild Ontario ale yeast was isolated from an apple in a local orchard. Wild Thing produces distinct clove, spice, and subtle banana and apple fruit aroma. The taste is dry, spicy and clean. This yeast is most comparable to medium-attenuation Belgian-style ale yeasts. May require temperature ramping to 25C to ensure high attenuation. Alcohol tolerance: 9% <ref name="escarpment_strains" />.
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===[[Fermentis]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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! Name !! Lab !! Source !! Attenuation !! Flocculation !! Temp°F !! Notes
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| [https://fermentis.com/en/fermentation-solutions/you-create-beer/safale-t-58/ SafAle™ T-58 Dry] || Fermentis || || 70 || Med || 12-25°C (53.6-77°F) ideally 15-20°C (59-68°F) || A specialty ale yeast selected for its estery, somewhat peppery and spicy flavor. Yeast with a good sedimentation: forms no clumps but a powdery haze when re-suspended in the beer.
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| [https://fermentis.com/en/fermentation-solutions/you-create-beer/safale-be-256/ SafAle™ BE-256 Dry] || Fermentis || || 82 || High || 12-25°C (53.6-77°F) ideally 15-20°C (59-68°F) || Active dry yeast recommended to brew a diversity of beers amongst which abbey style beers known for their high alcohol content. It ferments very fast and reveals subtle and well-balanced aromas. To maintain the aromatic profile at the end of the fermentation, we do recommend to crop the yeast as soon as possible after fermentation.
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| [https://fermentis.com/en/fermentation-solutions/you-create-beer/safale-be-134/ SafAle™ BE-134] || Fermentis || || 90 || Low || 25-29°C (77-84°F) || This typical yeast strain is recommended for Belgian Saison-style beers and is characterized by a particularly high attenuation. It gives fruity aromas with a spicy character such as clove notes. This strain will produce highly refreshing and drinkable beers. Confirmed by the company to be a [[Saccharomyces#Diastatic_strains_of_Saccharomyces_cerevisiae|diastatic strain of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'']] <ref>[http://fermentis.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/SafAle-BE-134_Rev2.pdf Fermentis BE-134 Spec Sheet. Retrieved 02/10/2018.]</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1890957430932462/ Private email correspondence with a Fermentis representative by Jeremy Johns; email forwarded to Dan Pixley for verification. 11/21/2017.]</ref>.
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| [https://fermentis.com/en/fermentation-solutions/you-create-beer/safale-wb-06/ SafeAle™ WB-06] || Fermentis || || 86 || Low || 18-24°C (64-75 °F) || This typical yeast strain is recommended for wheat beer fermentations and produces subtle estery and phenol flavor notes (POF+) such as clove notes typical of wheat beers. Confirmed by the company to be a [[Saccharomyces#Diastatic_strains_of_Saccharomyces_cerevisiae|diastatic strain of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'']] <ref>[https://fermentis.com/en/fermentation-solutions/you-create-beer/safale-wb-06/ Fermentis SafeAle™ WB-06 webpage. Retrieved 02/10/2018.]</ref>
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===[[Jasper Yeast LLC]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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! Name !! Source !! Attenuation !! Flocculation !! Temp°F !! Notes
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| JY029 JY008 - Saint Nicholas, Belgian Wit Ale I || Hoegaarden Poperinge, Belgium || 70-77 78 || Low Med-High || 6368-76 78 || Spicy he yeast is very fruity and phenolicdoes well on a wide range of temperatures. At the lower temperatures maltiness comes more forward, with a nice estery finishand at the higher range yeast esters are more pronounced. <ref name="Jasper_Yeast">[https://jasperyeast.com/yeast/belgian "Belgian Yeast Strains". Jasper Yeast Website. Great for witbier]</ref>|-| JY011 - Belgian Ale II || Antwerp, Grand CruBelgium || 73-78 || Med-High || 62-style wit 74 || Rumored to originate from a famous brewery in Antwerp. Comparatively clean and specialty beersversatile. Produces less aromatics than other Belgian Stylesyeasts, mainly and is therefore more suited for malt-driven beers and Belgian Wit and Grand-Crustyle pale ales, but does well in Blondestill carries the Belgian aromatic flair. <ref name="Jasper_Yeast" />|-| JY027 - Belgian Ale V, Scourmont || Belgium || 76-81 || Med-High || 62-74 || Trappist yeast from one of the six Trappist breweries from Belgium. Strong fruity esters at elevated fermentation temperatures, Belgian Tripel but more subdued and Specialtyspicy at lower fermentation temperatures. <ref name="Jasper_Yeast" />
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| JY031 - Nova Ale Yeast || Ashburn, Virginia || 71-80 || Very low || 68-85 || A true local strain! Isolated in Ashburn, Virginia in 2008. The first native Virginia yeast used in commercial beer since prohibition (Farmwell Wheat and Native Son, both Lost Rhino Brewing Company). Higher fermentation temperatures are preferred with this strain. Producer of high levels of fruitiness above 26 ºC (80 ºF), earthy notes are present at lower fermentation temperatures (20 ºC, 68 ºF). Since it is a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain one can expect drift when repitched for many generations.
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| JY056 - Poperinge Saison || Famous Brasserie in Southern Belgian/Northern France region. || 79-85 || Very low || 65-77 || Aggressive, attenuative and outspokenly estery and peppery. Great for Saison and Farmhouse style beers at higher temperatures, in the lower range good for more traditional Belgian styles. Good to finish off a beer that has problems fermenting with another yeast.
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| JY064 - Belgian Ale VII || Belgium || 70-80 || Low || 59-75 || Belgian Abbey yeast producing intense esters at higher temperatures, and strong spice notes at lower temperatures. <ref name="Jasper_Yeast" />
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| JY104 - Benedict Abbey || Small brewery in Flemish Brabant, Belgium. || 75-80 || Low || 68-77 || JY104 was handed to Jasper Akerboom when he toured some small microbreweries in the Netherlands and Belgium by a friendly microbrewer. This strain originally belonged to a small brewery in Flemish Brabant in Belgium. The brewery was acquired by a large macrobrewery, and management decided to do away with this precious yeast. Fortunately passionate homebrewers and beer enthusiasts were able to keep some of the yeast going and you can use it now as well! This strain ferments fast, and aggressive. It can be under pitched easily, and attenuates deep. Great esters and phenols, can be slightly peppery. Flocculates slow, but can withstand spunding without a problem. This yeast is great for lighter colored Belgians, but is great for darker Belgians as well. This strain has not been fully characterized, so we do not know what gravity this yeast will ferment. We do know that it attenuates very well, and the initial tests have indicated that can ferment easily to 10% ABV.
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| JY146 - Protocetid Ale || Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons, MD. || >80 || Very low || max 90 || This yeast is the famous strain isolated from the Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons, MD. This strain was isolated from Protocetid bone, discovered by Jason Osborne, the president and co-founder of Paleo Quest, a non-profit citizen-science organization for the advancement of the sciences of paleontology and geology through material contributions to museum collections, field exploration, scientific publication and education. This yeast is used for the famous Lost Rhino Brewing Company Bonedusters Ale. This yeast is hard to work with, it has the tendency to stop fermenting for a week after 30% attenuation, after which it picks back up and finishes out. Not for the faint of heart! Expect a Belgian character, with some tartness. Keep the desired ABV low during your recipe development, this strain is not suited for high-gravity worts. Finishes crisp and fruity, with a pleasant fizz.
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| JY164 - Belgian Ale XIV || East Flanders, Belgium || 75-80 || Low || 65-80 || Well suited for Golden Strong and other Belgian styles that do well with a spicy yeast strain. Can resist high ethanol concentrations. <ref name="Jasper_Yeast" />
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| JY206 - Belgian Ale XV || Ardennes, Belgium || 73-77 || High || 65-77 || Suitable for a wide variety of Belgian styles, depending on fermentation characteristics and grain bill. Tends to be spicy and fruity, with spiciness being on the forefront at lower fermentation temperatures, and estery at the higher range. <ref name="Jasper_Yeast" />
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| JY207 - Belgian Wit I || Hoegaarden || 70-77 || Low || 63-76 || Spicy and phenolic, with a nice estery finish. Great for witbier, Grand Cru-style wit and specialty beers. Belgian Styles, mainly Belgian Wit and Grand-Cru, but does well in Blonde, Belgian Tripel and Specialty. <ref name="Jasper_Yeast" />
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| JY240 - Belgian Ale VIII, Sixtus || Belgium || 78-86 || Low || 70-80 || Arguably the most used Trappist yeast outside of the original brewery. Well suited for the dryer Belgian styles such as Belgian Pale, Blonde, Tripel and Golden Strong. <ref name="Jasper_Yeast" />
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===[[Lallemand Brewing]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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! Name !! Source !! Attenuation !! Flocculation !! Temp°F !! Notes
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| SOURVISIAE® || Genetically engineered || Med-High || Med-High || 59-72 || GM Genetically engineered strain of ''S. cerevisiae'' that produces very high levels of lactic acid with a slightly fruity flavor and aroma and is free from off-flavors that can be produced by lactic acid bacteria such as THP. This yeast produces a very acidic beer, with final beer pHs in the range of 3.0 and lactic acid in the range of 8 – 15g/L. Vigorous fermentation can be completed within 5 days. It is not recommended to re-pitch by the manufacturer, although some brewers report success propagating it into a larger biomass with a starter <ref>[https://www.lallemandbrewing.com/en/united-states/product-details/sourvisiae Sourvisiae. Lallemand Brewing website. Retrieved 11/22/2019.]</ref>. See also this [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/2907116972649831/ MTF thread] and this [https://www.masterbrewerspodcast.com/149 MBAA Podcast]. Evan Coppage reported getting 65-70% viability on subsequent re-pitches, with a slower start but comparable results to initial pitch (see [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/?post_id=3758907517470768&comment_id=375892069080278 this MTF thread]). See [http://suigenerisbrewing.com/index.php/2021/02/19/diving-deep-in-to-sourvisiae "Diving Deep In To Sourvisiae"] by Dr. Bryan Heit for fermentation and acidification dynamics, pitch rates, repitchability and other factors potentially of interest in the brewery.|-| [http://www.lallemandbrewing.com/product-details/belle-saison-beer-yeast/ Lallemand Belle Saison - DRY] || Lallemand || High || || 59-95 <ref name="Coppet" /> || Belle Saison is also a prodigious sulfur producer, so extended conditioning may be necessary. Verified to be a diastatic strain of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', and killer neutral <ref name="Coppet">Marie, Coppet from Lallemand. Private correspondence with Martin Etchart; forwarded to Dan Pixley</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1561762887185253/?comment_id=1561820080512867&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R3%22%7D Conversation on MTF with Pierre Hugo Houle regarding Danstar Belle Saison yeast. 01/25/2017.]</ref><ref>[http://www.lallemandbrewing.com/product-details/belle-saison-beer-yeast/ Lallemand Brewing website. "BELLE SAISON BELGIAN SAISON-STYLE YEAST". Retrieved 11/20/2017.]</ref>. Belle Saison yeast is killer neutral, which means that killer wine strains will not kill it <ref name="Coppet" />. See [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1561762887185253/ this MTF thread] for more information on this strain. This might be the same strain as WY3711 <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1890135267681345/?comment_id=1890160854345453&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R1%22%7D MTF Thread on Belle Saison. 11/20/2017.]</ref>. Formerly branded as "Danstar".|-| [http://www.lallemandbrewing.com/product-details/abbaye-belgian-ale-yeast/ Lallemand Abbaye Belgian Ale Yeast - DRY] || Lallemand || Med-High || Low || 63-80 || Abbaye is an ale yeast of Belgian origin selected for its ability to produce great Belgian style beers including high gravity beers such as Dubbel, Trippel and Quads. The propagation and drying processes have been specifically designed to deliver high quality beer yeast that can be used simply and reliably to help produce ales of the finest quality. Formerly branded as "Danstar". This strain has been reported to be a genetic hybrid between ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and ''Saccharomyces kudriavzevii'' <ref>https://trace.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra/?run=SRR10046972 Langdon QK, Peris D, Baker EP, Opulente DA, Nguyen HV, Bond U, Gonçalves P, Sampaio JP, Libkind D, Hittinger CT. Fermentation innovation through complex hybridization of wild and domesticated yeasts. Nat Ecol Evol. 2019 Nov;3(11):1576-1586. doi: 10.1038/s41559-019-0998-8. Epub 2019 Oct 21. PMID: 31636426; PMCID: PMC7295394.</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/4506794029348776/?comment_id=4507353275959518 Ben Sykes and Dan Pixley. Milk The Funk Facebook Post about T-58 vs Lallemand Abbaye being a hybrid yeast. 04/18/2021.]</ref>.
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| 3944 - Belgian Witbier™ || || 72-76 || Med || 62-75 || This versatile Witbier yeast strain can be used in a variety of Belgian style ales. This strain produces a complex flavor profile dominated by spicy phenolics with low to moderate ester production. It is a great strain choice when you want a delicate clove profile not to be overshadowed by esters. It will ferment fairly dry with a slightly tart finish that compliments the use of oats, malted and unmalted wheat. This strain is a true top cropping yeast requiring full fermenter headspace of 33%.
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