Changes

Biogenic amines are produced by all living things and are present in many fermented beverages. High dosages can lead to health issues such as vomiting, headache, asthma, hypotension, and cardiac palpitation. Thus, biogenic amines have been intensley studied intensely <ref name="Wade_2018" />. For more information, see [http://suigenerisbrewing.com/index.php/2019/01/22/biogenic-amines/ "Fact or Fiction – Biogenic Amines in Beer" by Dr. Bryan Heit]. Some strains of lactic acid bacteria, including ''Pediococcus'', can metabolize amino acids into biogenic amines. The number of strains capable of doing this appears to be very low. [https://link.springer.com/pdf%2F10.1007%2FBF01105812 Weiller and Radler (1976)] found that only one out 28 strains of ''P. cerevisiae'' (later reclassified to ''P. damnosus'' and ''P. pentosaceus'') produced biogenic amines. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/973463 Strickland et al. (2016)] found that out of multiple species of ''Pediococcus'', only one strain of ''P. inopinatus'' produced biogenic amines, and it only produced 3.3 mg/L of histamine. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160511002893 García‐Ruiz et al. (2011) reported that 9 out of 85 strains of ''P. parvulus'' and ''P. pentosaceus'' were able to degrade some biogenic amines (histamine, tyrosine, and putrescine) in culture media, but were unable to do so in wine, indicating that any degradation of biogenic amines in wine that might occur is not likely due to lactic acid bacteria <ref name="Wade_2018" />. See also:* [Spontaneous_Fermentation#Biogenic_Amines|Biogenic amines in spontaneously fermented beer.]