Saccharomyces

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Saccharomyces is considered a yeast, although this term is historical and ill-defined. Saccharomyces is a genus of fungus including many species. The distinct species of Saccharomyces are revised frequently as more research is done. All species are unicellular and capable of fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most well-known species of yeast. It is used in the fermentation of beer, wine, and sake, and as a leavening agent in bread. It is commonly referred to as "ale yeast", "wine yeast" (see Killer Wine Yeast below), or "bread yeast". S. pastorianus, known as lager yeast, is a hybrid closely related to S. cerevisiae but is not a true species. S. cerevisiae is commonly studied as a model organism and was the first eukaryote to have its genome entirely sequenced. In rare cases, Saccharomyces can form a pellicle.

See Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Brettanomyces, and Mixed Cultures charts for other commercially available cultures.

Species

S. cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the type species of the genus Saccharomyces, although Saccharomyces paradoxus, S. cerevisiae's closest relative, is likely older and more globally ubiquitous than S. cerevisiae. [1] Many previously recognized species of Saccharomyces have been consolidated or reassigned to another genus, commonly Zygosaccharomyces.

Species Ecology Notes
S. cerevisiae Domestic: Beer, Wine, Bread. Wild: Fruit, Oak Trees. Example
S. paradoxus Oak trees Example
S. eubayanus Patagonia Probable parent of lager yeast
S. mikatae Decayed leaves in Japan Example
S. kudriavzevii Decayed leaves in Japan Example
S. bayanus* Wine Possible hybrid of S. eubayanus and S. cerevisiae. Possible parent of S. pastorianus.
S. florentinus Drosophila and sulphurized grape must Example
Example Example Example

Killer Wine Yeast

Many wine yeast strains are known to be "killer" yeast strains. In Saccharomyces, killer strains are genetically determined to produce toxins (in the form of extracellular proteins or glycoproteins) called 'mycocins' that kill sensitive strains. The mycocin toxins can act on sensitive strains in a number of ways: by blocking DNA synthesis and preventing cell division, inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall component called "β-1,3-glucan", and by causing ions to leak through the cell wall. In low dosages, which is typical in the natural environment, toxin triggers active cell death (apoptosis), while large dosages cause necrotic cell killing (necrosis). One study in wine found that the use of killer strains to out compete sensitive strains resulted in off-flavors from yeast autolysis [2][3]. Neutral strains do not produce toxins, nor are they killed by them [4]. Almost all ale and lager strains are sensitive to the toxins produced by killer strains [5][6]. In Saccharomyces, four toxins have been identified: K1, K2, K28, and Klus, the first three of which can only kill other strains/species of Saccharomyces. The Klus toxin has been found to kill yeast from other genra, such as Hanseniaspora spp., Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida kefir and Candida tropicalis, and the K1, K2 and K28 killer strains of S. cerevisiae [7]. However, none of the toxins secreted by killer strains of Saccharomyces have been found to kill Brettanomyces [8]. The K1 toxin is most active between a pH of 4.6 and 4.8, while K2 and Klus are active around a pH of 4.0 to 4.3 [7]. The activity of the toxin is greatest during the log phase of growth, and decays during the stationary phase of fermentation [9].

Various other yeast species have the ability to produce toxins that effect a range of other yeasts and bacteria [9]. For example, strains of the yeast species Candida pyralidae [9], Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Kluyveromyces wickeramii, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Pichia membranifaciens have been found to produce toxin that inhibits Brettanomyces [10]. In addition, the toxin produced by Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Williopsis markii have been found to inhibit a wide range of spoilage and pathogenic fungi [3]. Killer strains of S. cerevisiae and other yeast can occur naturally in the wild on fruit and can have a negative impact on other flora that are found in the same environment [9]. Strains of Torulaspora delbrueckii have been shown to kill killer strains of S. cerevisae (wine strains), as well as to kill Pichia species [10].

S. thermantitonum

This species may not be genetically distinct from S. cerevisiae [11][12].

S. paradoxus

In Fermentation

(To do)

Fermentation Under Low pH Conditions

Saccharomyces species and individual strains have a wide range of tolerance to low pH and lactic/acetic acid concentrations, which have been identified as stressors for yeast fermentation. For ideal fermentation conditions for S. cerevisiae, lactic acid should not exceed 0.8%, acetic acid should not exceed 0.5%, and wort should not fall below 4.0 pH. Since pH is on a log-based scale, even small differences in pH (especially below 3.5) can make a large impact on whether or not a given yeast strain is able to ferment. This obviously presents a challenge to brewers when Sour Worting or naturally carbonating with yeast for sour beers [13].

Yeast that fails to bottle condition sour beer may not be due to death of the cells. Rogers et al. [13] published a study that found that yeast used to bottle condition a sour beer at Upland Brewing Co. was still ~80% viable after two weeks, but the surviving cells were small and unbudded, indicating that they ceased growing and entered the stationary phase. This effect has been referred to as "terminal acid shock" [13].

As stated previously, lactic acid and low pH are identified as stressors for yeast, and can affect their ability to carbonate sour beer. Some strains tested display an ability to grow in higher lactic acid concentrations, while others do not, but this does not indicate that they are able to bottle condition sour beer. For example, WLP001 and WY1056 do not grow well in YPD dosed with lactic acid, whereas Lallemand CBC-1 ("Cask & Bottle Conditioned Beer Yeast") can still grow at a pH of 3. WY2007 and WLP300 grow well in moderate levels of lactic acid, but not once the pH gets down to 3. WLP715 Champagne Yeast grows fine in a pH of 3 (although lag time is effected). However, despite being able to grow in YPD with lactic acid dosages, CBC-1 and WLP715 both failed to carbonate an 8% ABV sour beer that had a comparable pH to the pH of the YPD plus lactic acid mediums. It is suggested that this might be due to the combination of stress from high alcohol, acetic acid, low nutrients, low oxygen, and tannins from fruit. Re-hydrating dried yeast may also lead to difficulties carbonating acidic and high ABV (8%+) sour beer due to the stress of desiccation and re-hydration on the yeast [13].

Rogers et al. found an easy solution to carbonating low pH, high ABV beers by first acclimating the yeast to the sour beer. Growing the yeast in YPD plus lactic acid plus ethanol was not enough to acclimate the yeast and reliably carbonate a highly acidic, alcoholic (8% ABV) beer. However, by growing the yeast first in a blend of YPD that was diluted with the sour beer itself in a 1:1 ratio, they found that both CBC-1 and WLP715 were then able to carbonate the sour beer (WLP001, WY1056, WY2007, and WLP300 were not given this treatment). This was explained as exploiting the microbes' resilience and ability to adapt to many environmental conditions by "pre-adapting" the yeast to the harsh conditions of the sour beer [13]. It has been speculated that brewers without access to YPD might be able to achieve similar results by growing the conditioning yeast in sour beer diluted with DME wort and yeast nutrients (Fermaid K and DAP, for example) [14].

Esters

Phenolic Off Flavor Strains

(To do)

Commercial Farmhouse/Belgian Strains of Saccharomyces

In cooperation with Eric Bandauski [15].

===Bootleg Biology===-

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
BB22204 - S. arlingtonesis Wild yeast starter jar in Arlington, VA High NA 60-70 This culture ferments extremely cleanly in the low 60’sF (Kölsch and Lager hybrids), and subtle fruity/citrus esters in the higher end of the Ale fermentation range (wheat-centric beers). May produce sulfur aromas during primary fermentation, but those will be eliminated within a couple weeks (allow longer aging if fermenting at lower temperatures). S. arlingtonesis is a higher attenuator than most ale strains, so adjustments made need to be made to grain bills or mash temperatures if a drier beer is not preferred.
BBX0104 – Saison Parfait: New World Saison Blend A unique blend of previously unavailable commercially used Saison cultures. 90-100 Med-High Normal to High Ale Temperatures Saison Parfait is our New World Saison Blend, a new take on the modern saison yeast flavor and aroma profile. Saison Parfait pairs classic pepper & spice saison phenolics with prominent juicy fruit esters that evoke citrus and lemon peel, and a touch of banana for complexity. Even more unique, it finishes with a balanced, full-bodied and silky mouthfeel despite its high attenuation. Saison Parfait means the “Perfect Season”, and is our ode to the fall harvest season. A time for hard work and also celebration. The peasants of rural Flanders and Wallonia created the Saison, and what we now call Farmhouse beers, to drink for sustenance and merriment. Bruegel likely depicted the drinking of Saison beer in his classic paintings of rural country life, “The Harvesters” and “Peasant Wedding”.

Craft Cultures

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
CCYL113 - Belgian Saison Ale Yeast This yeast strain contributes clove flavor and aroma to the finished product. Fruity aromas are also experienced. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL114 - Belgian Ale Yeast To produce any great distinctive Belgian style beer, do ferment with the Belgian Ale Yeast. Flavors emanating from beer produced by this yeast are rich in both spice and phenols and are mildly fruity. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL115 - Trappist Ale Yeast The Trappist Ale Yeast has a unique fruit and plum flavor and aromas. It performs well in high gravity brews. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL116 - Belgian Wit Ale Yeast The original yeast used to produce Belgian Witbier and a variety of other Belgian style ales. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL120 - French Saison Ale Yeast The French Saison Ale Yeast is a versatile strain that works great for Saison or Farmhouse and other Belgian style beers where aromatic (estery), peppery, spicy and citrusy flavors are desired. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL121 Abbey Ale Yeast Used to produce Trappist, Belgian, Belgian doubles and triples This yeast contributes a fruity characteristics. Excellent alcohol tolerance for high gravity beers. Commercial pitches only.
CCY126 French Ale Yeast Clean strain that complements malt flavor. Low to moderate esters, when fermentation temperature is below 70°F. Moderate plus ester character over 70°F. Low diacetyl production. Good yeast strain for Biere de Garde, blond, amber, brown ales, and specialty beers. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL128 - Belgian Saison Ale Yeast Blend The Belgian Saison Ale Yeast Blend has some phenolic and clove-like flavor and aroma characteristic and fruitier esters than CCYL113. Ferments faster than CCYL113. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL129 - Eagle River Ale Yeast™ Michigan indigenous. The Eagle River Ale Yeast is the second in a series of indigenous Michigan strains. It was isolated from the shore of Lake Superior near Eagle River Michigan. This yeast will produce excellent Belgian style ales. This yeast is rich in both spice and phenols exhibits predominantly fruity esters, similar to a Belgian ale strain. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL130 - Keweenaw Ale Yeast™ Michigan indigenous. The Keweenaw Ale Yeast is the third in a series of indigenous Michigan yeast strains. This yeast was isolated in Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula. It has prominent spicy phenolics and some fruity esters, very reminiscent of a Saison yeast. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL131 Belgian Wit Ale 2.0 Less Belgian-like phenolics than CCYL116 and more spicy. Will leave a bit more sweetness, and flocculation is higher than CCYL116. Use to produce Belgian Wit, spiced Ales, wheat Ales, and specialty Beers. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL134 Rock Cut Ale Yeast™ Michigan indigenous yeast coming soon. Commercial pitches only.
CCYL138 Rock Cut Ale Yeast II™ Michigan indigenous yeast coming soon. Commercial pitches only.

East Coast Yeast

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
ECY08 Saison Brasserie Several Strains 80+ 75-85 Several saison yeast strains for both fruity and spicy characteristics accompanied with dryness
ECY14 Saison Single Single Strain 76-78 75-82 Smooth, full farmhouse character with mild esters reminiscent of apple pie spice

Escarpment Laboratories

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°C Notes
Old World Saison Blend 85+ Med 18-25 A high-character blend of two classic Saison strains. Produces complex fruit and black pepper notes along with reliable and high attenuation. Alcohol tolerance: High.
Wild Thing Ontario 75-82 Med 25+ This wild Ontario ale yeast was isolated from an apple in a local orchard. Wild Thing produces distinct clove, spice, and subtle banana and apple fruit aroma. The taste is dry, spicy and clean. This yeast is most comparable to medium-attenuation Belgian-style ale yeasts. May require temperature ramping to 25C to ensure high attenuation. Alcohol tolerance: 9%.
Fruity Witbier 70-75 Med-Low 17-24 A Witbier strain which produces lots of complex fruity esters while still prominently displaying classic Witbier character. Medium-low flocculation helps insure classic Witbier haze. Alcohol tolerance: 12%.

GigaYeast

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
GY003 Achouffe Belgian Ale 81-84 (medium gravity) 57-60 (7.7%+ abv) Medium/Low 68-77 Abbey style yeast from the Belgian Ardennes. Produces aromatic, spicy clove-like notes and less fruity aromas than GY014. Moderately flocculant yeast that creates a slightly clearer beer than most Belgians.
GY007 Belgian Mix 79-81 (medium gravity) 67-70 (8.6%+ abv) Low 68-77 A blend of Trappist Ale Yeast combine to create robust attenuation and a complex flavor profile. Spicy and fruity, this blend is slightly more flocculent than many Belgians. Good choice for High Gravity beers.
GY014 Scourmont Abbey Ale 79-81 Low 64-80 Classic Belgian yeast from one of the best known Trappist breweries. A fragrant yeast that produces delicious fruity aroma. Good choice for high gravity beers. Generally, the warmer this yeast is fermented the higher the level of fruit aromas produced.
GY015 Trappist Tripel 70-76 Low 66-74 Trappist Ale yeast from the mother of all Tripels. A balance of fruit and spice with a good malty finish provides a perfect complement for Belgian Ales, Dubbels and Tripels. Attenuation is on the slow side leaving more residual sweetness than our other Belgians. Less esters and phenolics than GY003 and GY014.
GY018 Saison 1 French Brewery 81-83 (medium gravity) 49-53 (6.2%+ abv) Low 64-80 Traditional Saison yeast from a French craft brewery. Strong attenuator that produces a dry beer with a beautiful fragrance and the traditional Saison taste of fruit and pepper.
GY027 Saison Yeast 2 Traditional Saison 79-83 (medium gravity) 44-47 (5.5%+ abv) Low 64-80 Creates the fruity/spicy aroma traditional to the style.  Warmer fermentation temps result in more intense flavor.  Produces a tartness not found in most of our yeast and a slightly sweeter beer than GY018
GY028 Belgian Wit 74-79 Very Low 64-80 Traditional Belgian Wit yeast from one of the classic producers of the style. Creates a delicious spicy nose and a somewhat tart beer. Attenuates dry and leaves a slightly cloudy beer - very low flocculation.
GY047 Saison Blend 80-83 (medium gravity) 49-53 (6.2%+ abv) Low 64-80 A blend of Saison yeast. This Blend is a super robust attenuator that produces a complex flavor profile of fruit and spice.
GY048 Golden Pear Belgian Ale Duvel Moortgat Brewery 78-85 Low 65-80 Traditional yeast from the originator of the Belgian Golden Strong Ale style. Robust attenuation makes this yeast an excellent choice for low or high gravity Belgian and farmhouse style ales. Leaves a dry, slightly tart finish with an estery profile reminiscent of apple and pear with a subdued level of spicy phenolics. This yeast produces a moderate amount of sulfide that will dissipate quickly with conditioning.
GY077 Quebec Abbey Ale Canadian Brewery 75-83 Medium 68-80 From one of the first breweries in North America to create a successful line of traditional Abbey style ales. This Belgian ale yeast creates a malt forward beer with subtle fruity esters and a very small amount of clove notes. Robust attenuation makes this yeast an excellent choice for low or high gravity beers where a slightly sweet malty finish is desired. Perfect for the Belgian Dubbel and Tripel styles.

Imperial Organic Yeast

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
A20 Citrus Unicorn Dust [16] 74-78 Low 67-80 When you want to use Brett, but you don’t. Citrus cranks out orange and lemon aromas along with some tropical fruit. Use this strain at high temps for big ester production. As funky as saccharomyces gets. Same as WLP644 Sacch Trois [16].
B48 Triple Double Westmalle [16] 74-78 Medium 65-77 The perfect strain for your classic abbey ales. Triple Double produces moderate esters with low to no phenolic characteristics. This strain is tried and true and works perfectly in a production environment. Keep an eye on Triple Double, it likes to sit on top of the wort throughout fermentation which may result in a slow fermentation. Similar to Wyeast 3787 and WLP530 [16].
B64 Napoleon Brasserie Thiriez [16] 77-83 Low 65-78 This yeast is an insane wort attenuator. Napoleon will destroy the sugars in your saison and farmhouse beers – even the ones in which most brewer’s strains have no interest. When all is said and done, Napoleon produces very dry, crisp beers with nice citrus aromas. Yeast settling times can be long, usually requiring filtration for bright beers. Similar to Wyeast 3711 [16].
B45 Gnome Achouffe [16] 72-76 Medium-High 65-75 The Gnome is the yeast for brewing Belgian inspired beers in a hurry. This strain is extremely flocculent and drops out of the beer quickly after fermentation. Gnome produces a nice phenolic character that goes well with hops, as well as with caramel and toffee flavors. Great for Belgian ales that need to be crystal clear without filtration. Similar to Wyeast 3522 [16].
B51 Workhorse Kasteel [16] 72-77 Medium 65-75 Saison…no problem. Belgian stout, double… yep. Workhorse is the strain to use for a wide variety of brews. Super clean, this fast-attenuating strain has good flocculation characteristics. High alcohol tolerance makes this a great option for big Belgian beers. Similar to Wyeast 1581 [16].
B56 Rustic Brasserie de Blaugies [16] 72-76 Medium 68-80 This unique yeast can be used in your saison, farmhouse ale, or other Belgian styles where high ester levels are important. Rustic typically produces a lot of bubblegum and juicy aromas that compliment complex maltiness. Similar to Wyeast 3726 [16].
B63 Monastic Chimay [16] 74-78 Medium-Low 68-78 This strain is a beautiful yeast for fermenting abbey ales, especially quads; high alcohol and dark Belgian beers. Monastic will produce beers with a high level of phenolic character and esters. It can be slow to begin fermentation but will easily dry out high gravity worts. This strain is a low flocking strain, so expect it to stay suspended for a long time. Similar to Wyeast 1214 and WLP500 [16].
B53 Fish Finder Orval [16] 74-78 Medium 65-73 The classic choice for a Belgian IPA. Fish Finder has a very mild phenolic character balanced with moderate fruitiness. Often used for primary and then finished with a secondary Brettanomyces yeast. Similar to WLP510 [16].
B44 Whiteout Celis White/Hoegaarden [16] 72-76 Medium-Low 62-72 This is the strain for Belgian Wit style beers. Whiteout produces an excellent balance of spicy phenolic character and esters. Along with the necessary aromatics, this strain produces a significant amount of acidity which is perfect for wits and other light colored Belgian ales. Whiteout can be flocculent during fermentation, then become non-flocculent at the end. This may lead to slower than normal fermentation. Similar to Wyeast 3944 and WLP400 [16].

Inland Island Brewing & Consulting

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
INISBC-201 Belgian Monk Ale I Monastery brewery in Southern Belgium 72-76 Medium 68-78 High alcohol tolerance and plum like notes create great dark Belgian beers.
INISBC-202 Belgian Monk Ale II 73-77 Medium 65-75 High alcohol tolerance. Beer ferments clean with a full body and full malt flavor. Notes of dried fruit.
INISBC-203 Belgian Monk Ale III Monastery brewery 74-78 Medium 64-78 High alcohol tolerance. Isolated from a world class monastery brewery known for brewing high gravity ales with complex esters and phenols.
INISBC-204 Belgian Monk Ale IV 73-77 Medium 65-75 High alcohol tolerance. Used to brew a beer with a dry and acidic finish but otherwise clean.
INISBC-222 Belgian Gnome Ale 72-76 High 65-76 High alcohol tolerance. Distinctive, estery and phenolic profile.
INISBC-231 Belgian Gold 74-78 Low 64-80 Very high alcohol tolerance. Yeast used to brew a classic strong ale in the Belgian tradition. High alcohol tolerance with mild phenols and fruity esters.
INISBC-241 Belgian Wit I 72-76 Medium 64-74 High alcohol tolerance. Used to brew wit style beer. Notes of pear, apple, stone fruit, and a slight acidity/tartness in the finish. Very top heavy.
INISBC-242 Belgian Wit Devil 72-76 Medium 62-75 High alcohol tolerance. Similar to Belgian Wit I but with more phenols and clove. Very top heavy requiring a lot of extra space in the fermenter to prevent pushing all of the yeast out of the blow off tube.
INISBC-291 Farmhouse: Saison 74-79 Medium 70-95 High alcohol tolerance. A dynamic yeast that produces a wide range of phenols and esters. Notes of strawberry, hay, and spice. Leaves the finish slightly tart and with an excellent mouth feel.
INISBC-292 Saison: Belgian I 76-80 Low 70-95 High alcohol tolerance. Traditional saison strain isolated from a premier Belgian Brewery. Fruity, spicy, slightly tart, and leaves the beer dry. Known for stalling towards the end of the fermentation around 5-7 plato, but with additional heat and time will finish.
INISBC-293 Saison: Belgian II 78-85 Medium 68-78 Medium alcohol tolerance. Strain is more fruity than Belgian I but from a similar source. Rumored to be a part of a mixed fermentation. This isolated strain is more reliable than Saison: Belgian I but with less depth.
INISBC-294 Saison: French 77-83 Low 77-83 High alcohol tolerance. A saison yeast that produces more phenols than the Belgian Saison strains. Notes of pepper and citrus along with other spices. Leaves behind a pleasant mouthfeel in the beer despite being highly attenuative. It is less likely to stall than the Belgian Saisons.

Jasper Yeast LLC

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
JY056 - Poperinge Saison Famous Brasserie in Southern Belgian/Northern France region. 79-85 Very low 65-77 Aggressive, attenuative and outspokenly estery and peppery. Great for Saison and Farmhouse style beers at higher temperatures, in the lower range good for more traditional Belgian styles. Good to finish off a beer that has problems fermenting with another yeast.
JY104 - Benedict Abbey Small brewery in Flemish Brabant, Belgium. 75-80 Low 68-77 JY104 was handed to Jasper Akerboom when he toured some small microbreweries in the Netherlands and Belgium by a friendly microbrewer. This strain originally belonged to a small brewery in Flemish Brabant in Belgium. The brewery was acquired by a large macrobrewery, and management decided to do away with this precious yeast. Fortunately passionate homebrewers and beer enthusiasts were able to keep some of the yeast going and you can use it now as well! This strain ferments fast, and aggressive. It can be under pitched easily, and attenuates deep. Great esters and phenols, can be slightly peppery. Flocculates slow, but can withstand spunding without a problem. This yeast is great for lighter colored Belgians, but is great for darker Belgians as well. This strain has not been fully characterized, so we do not know what gravity this yeast will ferment. We do know that it attenuates very well, and the initial tests have indicated that can ferment easily to 10% ABV.
JY31 - Nova Ale Yeast Ashburn, Virginia 71-80 Very low 68-85 A true local strain! Isolated in Ashburn, Virginia in 2008. The first native Virginia yeast used in commercial beer since prohibition (Farmwell Wheat and Native Son, both Lost Rhino Brewing Company). Higher fermentation temperatures are preferred with this strain. Producer of high levels of fruitiness above 26 ºC (80 ºF), earthy notes are present at lower fermentation temperatures (20 ºC, 68 ºF). Since it is a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain one can expect drift when repitched for many generations.
JY31 - Nova Ale Yeast Northern Virginia 75-80 Low 75+ A new NOVA Ale yeast! This yeast differs from JY031 Nova Ale Yeast 1 by being slight more toned down in the aromatics and flavor department. Isolated in Northern Virginia, this strain is truly local. Power to VA! Since this is a new variety of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this strain has not been fully characterized yet. Feel free to share your information with us if you use this strain!
JY146 - Protocetid Ale Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons, MD. >80 Very low max 90 This yeast is the famous strain isolated from the Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons, MD. This strain was isolated from Protocetid bone, discovered by Jason Osborne, the president and co-founder of Paleo Quest, a non-profit citizen-science organization for the advancement of the sciences of paleontology and geology through material contributions to museum collections, field exploration, scientific publication and education. This yeast is used for the famous Lost Rhino Brewing Company Bonedusters Ale. This yeast is hard to work with, it has the tendency to stop fermenting for a week after 30% attenuation, after which it picks back up and finishes out. Not for the faint of heart! Expect a Belgian character, with some tartness. Keep the desired ABV low during your recipe development, this strain is not suited for high-gravity worts. Finishes crisp and fruity, with a pleasant fizz.

Mangrove Jack's Dry Yeasts

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
M21 Belgian Wit High Low 64-77 A traditional top-fermenting yeast that has a good balance between fruity esters and warming spice phenolics. The yeast will leave some sweetness and will drop bright if left long enough. Suitable for Witbier, Grand Cru, Spiced Ales and other specialty beers.
M27 Belgian Ale / M29 French Saison Ale (new name) [17] Very High Med 79-90 Characterful beers with spicy, fruity and peppery notes ideal for Belgian Saison or farmhouse style beer. Suited for brewing all Belgian ales, including Quadruples of up to 14% abv. M29 description: French Saison yeast is an exceptional, highly attenuative top-fermenting ale yeast, creating distinctive beers with spicy, fruity and peppery notes. Ideal for fermentation of farmhouse style beer [18].
M31 Belgian Tripel Very High Med 64-82 Provides a fantastic complex marriage of spice, fruity esters, phenolics and alcohol. It is also very attenuative with a high alcohol tolerance making it perfect for a range of Belgian styles. Suitable for Belgian Tripel and Trappist style beers.
M41 Belgian Ale Very High Med 64-82 Spicy and phenolic, this yeast emulates the intensity and complexity of some of the best monastic breweries in Belgium. High attenuation and alcohol tolerance allow you to brew a huge range of Belgian beers. Suitable for Belgian Strong Golden and Belgian Strong Dark Ales.
M47 Belgian Abbey Yeast High High 64-77 Moderately alcohol tolerant with fewer phenols than Belgian Ale, this yeast is exceptionally fruity with hugely complex esters and is highly flocculant.

Omega Yeast Labs

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
Abbey Ale C - (OYL-018) 74-78 Medium-Low 68-78 From a famous Trappist brewery, this yeast produces the distinctive fruitiness and plum characteristics. Excellent yeast for high gravity beers, Belgian ales, Dubbels and Tripels. Compares to WLP500 and WY1214. Commercial pitches only.
Belgian Ale A (OYL-024) 72-85 High 65-78 Versatile strain for the production of classic Belgian style ales. This strain produces a beautiful balance of delicate fruit esters and subtle spicy notes, with neither one dominating. Unlike many other Belgian style strains, this strain is highly flocculent and results in bright beers. Compares to Compares to WLP550 and WY3522. Available to homebrewers.
Belgian Ale D (OYL-019) 74-78 Low 64-80 The best choice for brewing golden strong ales. This alcohol tolerant strain will produce a complex ester profile balanced nicely with subtle phenolics. Malt flavors and aromas will remain even with a well attenuated dry, tart finish. It may continue to produce CO2 for an extended period after packaging or collection. Compares to WLP570 and WY1388. Commercial pitches only.
Belgian Ale DK (OYL-049) 73-80 Medium 67-70 Clean Belgian type ale yeast. Good for Belgian style pale ales and amber ales. Biscuity, ale-like aroma with accentuated hop flavor and bitterness. Slight sulfur will be produced during fermentation, which can give the yeast a lager-like flavor profile. Compares to WLP515. Commercial pitches only.
Belgian Ale O (OYL-046) 74-80 Medium 66-72 A Trappist style ale yeast. Produces dry beer with slight acidic finish, but cleaner than OYL-018 and OYL-028. Good choice for high gravity beers, Belgian ales, Dubbels and Tripels. Compares to WLP510. Commercial pitches only.
Belgian Ale R (OYL-020) 73-82 Medium 65-75 Great choice for use in Belgian dark strong ales. This strain has a relatively “clean profile” which allows a rich malt and distinctive ethanol character to shine. Delicate dried fruit esters can be produced when used at higher fermentation temperatures or in a high gravity wort. Compares to WLP540 and WY1762. Commercial pitches only.
Belgian Ale W (OYL-028) 74-78 Medium 64-78 Classic strain for brewing Belgian Dubbel or Belgian Tripel. This strain produces a nice balance of complex fruity esters and phenolics, making it desirable for use in other Belgian style ales as well. A flocculent, true top cropping yeast (additional headspace is recommended), that will work over a broad temperature range. Makes a great Belgian style “house” strain. Compares to WLP530 and WY3787. Available to homebrewers.
Belgian Dark Ale A (OYL-040) 74-79 Medium 65-80 Belgian ale yeast that is a high acid producer with balanced ester and phenol production. High alcohol tolerance. Spicy, tart, and dry on the palate with a very complex finish. Compare to WY3822. Commercial pitches only.
Belgian Saison I (OYL-027) 76-80 Low 70-95 Most widely used farmhouse ale yeast. A traditional yeast that is spicy with complex aromatics, including bubble gum. It is very tart and dry on the palate with a mild fruitiness. Will yield a crisp, mildly acidic finish that will benefit from elevated fermentation temperatures. This strain is notorious for a rapid and vigorous start to fermentation, only to stick around 1.035 S.G. Fermentation will finish, given time and warm temperatures. Warm fermentation temperatures, at least 90°F (32°C), or the use of a secondary strain can accelerate attenuation. Compares to WLP565 and WY3724. Commercial pitches only.
Belgian Saison II (OYL-042) 74-79 Medium 70-84 This strain produces complex esters balanced with earthy/spicy notes. Slightly tart and dry with a peppery finish. A perfect strain for Farmhouse ales and Saisons. Compares to WY3726. Commercial pitches only.
Belgian Wheat (OYL-029) 72-76 Medium 64-74 Produces beers with moderate esters and minimal phenolics. Apple, bubblegum, and plum-like aromas blend nicely with malt and hops. This strain will finish dry with a hint of tartness. Compares to WY3942. Commercial pitches only.
Biere de Garde (OYL-039) 74-79 Low 70-84 Ferments well with low to moderate ester production and subtle spiciness. Malty and full on the palate with initial sweetness. Finishes dry and slightly tart. Compares to WY3725. Commercial pitches only.
French Saison (OYL-026) 77-83 Low 65-77 Versatile strain that produces Saison or farmhouse style beers as well as other Belgian style beers that are highly aromatic (estery), peppery, spicy and citrusy. This strain enhances the use of spices and aroma hops, and is extremely attenuative but leaves an unexpected silky and rich mouthfeel. This strain can also be used to re-start stuck fermentations or in high gravity beers. Compares to WY3711. Commercial pitches only.
Grand Cru (OYL-023) 72-76 Low 63-76 Widely used strain in the production of Witbier, Grand Cru, sweet mead and cider. Produces spicy phenolics which are balanced nicely by a complex ester profile. The subtle fruit character and dry tart finish will complement wheat malt, orange peel and spice additions typical of Wits. Compares to WLP720 and WY3463. Commercial pitches only.
Saisonstein's Monster (OYL-500) 80-90 Low 65-78 The first in our line of hybrid strains. This strain is a genetic hybrid resulting from the mating of strains OYL-026 and OYL-027, created by and available exclusively from Omega Yeast. Less phenolic and more fruit character than 026. Exhibits some of the bubble gum character of 027. Omega Yeast Labs Exclusive. Available to homebrewers.
Wit (OYL-030) 72-76 Medium 62-75 Produces a complex flavor profile dominated by spicy phenolics with low to moderate ester production. It is a great strain choice when you want a delicate clove profile not to be overshadowed by esters. It will ferment fairly dry with a slightly tart finish that compliments the use of oats, malted and unmalted wheat. This strain is a true top cropping yeast requiring full fermenter headspace of 33%. Compares to WLP400 and WY3944 vs Omega Yeast Labs Exclusive. Commercial pitches only.
HotHead Ale (OYL-057) Single strain isolate from traditional Norwegian Kveik brewing yeast. Stein Langlo, Stranda, Norway via Lars Marius Garshol. See NCYC 4021 [19][20] 75-85 Medium-High 62-98 A remarkable ale strain of Norwegian origin that has an astoundingly wide temperature range (62F-98F) with little difference in flavor profile across the whole range. It has a unique fruitiness that makes it complementary to modern hop varieties. See Kveik for more information. Available to homebrewers. MTF notes: recommended fermenting at the higher temperature range. Visual fermentations characteristics are unique: long lasting krausen even after fermentation has finished [21].
Voss Kveik (OYL-062) Another kveik strain from Voss, Norway. See this Lars Garshol blog article as well for this yeast's history. 75-82 Medium 68-98° F (20-37° C) A traditional Norwegian “kveik” strain from the farmhouse brewery of Sigmund Gjernes in Voss, Norway, this strain (like OYL-057 HotHead) is capable of fermenting across a broad temperature range with little change in flavor profile. Voss Kveik is non-phenolic and produces a beer with moderate citrus notes. It would pair very well with citrusy and fruity hops. This strain is not fast at the low end of the range so don’t be afraid to pitch in the middle to upper part of the temperature range. The Voss kveik was originally a blend of at least 3-4 strains, however only one strain was cultured by Omega [22] See Kveik for more information.

RBY Laboratories

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
RBY41 French Saison Brasserie Thiriez 77-83 Low 65-75
RBY58 - Fantome Saison Clone #1 Fantome 70-80 Low 75-85

RVA Yeast Labs

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
RVA 261 Saison I Dupont 65-75 Med 75+ fruity, bubblegum esters with all the spice and pepper that makes Saison so appealing
RVA 262 Saison II Brasserie Thiriez 75-82 Med 67-77 French origin, this strain produces a bit less of the fruity, bubblegum esters with less spice and pepper then RVA 241 
RVA 263 Ghost Ale Fantome 74-84 Med 65-80 Ripened fruit esters and a crisp earthy finish can be achieved even at lower temperatures with this Belgian farmhouse strain
RVA 806 Lickinghole Creek Ale Virginia’s LHCB farm 78-85 Med 68-74 Citrus esters, a nose of sweet honey and a dash of phenolic spice, this strain will complement a variety of dry Belgian style beers. We highly recommend this strain for Belgian triple and Saison.  

Saccharolicious

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
Demonical Popular yeast strain from a well-known Belgian brewery. Because of its ester-dominated fermentation profile, this yeast strain is often used in strong Belgian ales. Other beer styles where this yeast strain can be used are Belgian-style IPA, Belgian blond and Tripel.
Trappist O Relatively clean Belgian yeast from a Trappist brewery in the Ardennes. A good choice for most Belgian ales, but especially strong pale Belgian ales. In combination with Brett I, this strains can be used for brewing Belgian specialty ales.
Wheat I Belgian Wit yeast from a brewery in West Flanders.
Castle Alcohol tolerant yeast strain suitable for strong and sweet ales. This yeast strain originates from a West Flemish brewery.
Gnome Yeast strain from a brewery in the Belgian Ardennes. Very versatile strain that fits most Belgian ale styles because of its balanced fermentation profile.
Pixie Slightly phenolic and spicy yeast strain from West Flanders. This is a versatile yeast strain that fits both malty and hoppy beers.

SouthYeast Labs

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
P1 Musserweissen Dwarf Peach (South Carolina) 78.7% Low Use for Wit, Heffe, Saison, Kölsch. "Medium" acidity. Banana, peach esters; citrus peel and clove phenolics. 4-6 weeks in primary. Hazy, notes of champagne [23].
N3 Native Cider Nectarine (South Carolina) 83.2% High Use for light Belgian ales, cider, wine. "No acidity". Apple cider esters; light pepper spice phenolics. 3-4 weeks in primary [23].
B3 Farmhouse Ale Blueberry (South Carolina) 79.3% Low Use for saison, farmhouse ales. "Medium acidity". Tart esters; straw spice phenolics. 4-6 weeks in primary [23].
HS2 New Abbey Ale Honeysuckle (Tennessee) 78% Medium Use for Belgian and Abbey type ales. "Low acidity". Red wine esters; cracked pepper corn phenolics. 3-4 weeks in primary. Full flavor and complex. [23].

The Yeast Bay

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
Saison Blend 80 Med 70-78 Blend of 2 yeast strains, Flavors of pepper, grapefruit, Orange zest
Wallonian Farmhouse 81-88 Med 68-78  Slight earthy funk and tart character to the beer; we recommend controlling the dryness by adjusting the mash temperature or adding malts or adjuncts to the mash tun that will lend some body and residual sweetness to the beer. Although it can be fermented at lower temps, for full flavor it is recommended to start fermentation in the 70°F's, and let it free-rise to the low to mid 80°F's. [24]
Saison Blend II 80-86 Med 68-80 This saison blend is the Saccharomyces portion of our Farmhouse Sour Ale, available to you as a result of popular demand from the commercial brewing crowd. This combination of Saccharomyces strains embodies the balanced fusion of the two foremost saison flavor/aroma characters, fruitiness and earthiness. Each Saccharomyces strain in this blend produces flavor compounds that serve as the yin to the other's yang, and the result is an exceptionally complex yet balanced flavor and aroma profile. One strain will serve to create an ester profile of grapefruit and orange zest, while the other will produce a mild earthiness and spiciness. Close your eyes while drinking a beer fermented with this blend, and you'll feel like you're laying on freshly turned earth in an old citrus grove.
Dry Belgian Ale 85-100 Med-High 68-74 Dry Belgian Ale is single strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from a unique golden strong ale. The profile is a complex and balanced mix of apple, pear and light citrus fruit with some mild spicy and peppery notes. The apparent attenuation of this strain ranges anywhere from 85-100%, depending upon the mash profile and the grist composition. For a yeast that's as dry as it is, it creates beers with a surprising amount of balance even without the use of specialty grains or adjuncts. While we haven't completed our own tests in house, this yeast is used at the brewery from which it was isolated to make big beers that are in the neighborhood of 12-16% ABV and sufficiently dry. Use Dry Belgian Ale as a primary fermenter in any big Belgian beer, or to unstick that pesky stuck fermentation.
Northeastern Abbey 77-81 Med-Low 68-73 This yeast was isolated from a beer crafted by a well-known producer of Belgian-style ales in the Northeastern United States. This yeast produces a very mild spiciness and earthy flavor and aroma which is complemented by a subtle but magnificent array of fruity esters, including pear and light citrus fruit. The brewery from which this strain was isolated uses it in a very versatile manner across an array of Belgian styles. We prefer using this yeast for any and all light Belgian beers, including Wit, Belgian Pale and Belgian Blond, in addition to any experimental fruit beers in which a more unique and robust flavor and aroma profile is desired. Expect this yeast to produce a large, thick krausen.
Sigmund's Voss Kveik Norwegian farmhouse 80-85 Med-High 70-100 Sigmund's Voss Kveik yeast is a single strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from a sample of kveik generously provided by Sigmund Gjerens via Lars Garshol. Traditionally used in the production of Norwegian Farmhouse Ale, this strain is a fast fermenter with good attenuation, a light earthy spiciness, marked tartness and unique ester profile of orange peel. This strain is prone to forming incredibly large flocs unlike any other yeast we've seen before, yet still remains highly attenuative. Sigmund's Voss Kveik also exhibits the ability to ferment wort over a large temperature range, 70 - 100 ºF, without major changes to the flavor profile or production of any harsh phenolics or fusel alcohols. This yeast will exhibit a slightly more restrained ester profile and ferment a little slower at cooler fermentation temperatures, and quickly produce a drier beer with a slightly more pronounced ester profile at warmer fermentation temperatures. We highly recommend taking this into the high end of temperature range, 90-100°F. Lars Marius Garshol recommends underpitching with high oxygen to get the most character out of this yeast [25]. See Kveik for more information.
Funktown Pale Ale 78-80 Medium-Low 68-74 Funktown Pale Ale is a blend of our Vermont Ale strain and a unique strain of Brettanomyces that is well suited for primary fermentation Saccharomyces "Bruxellensis" Trois. The combination of the citrus/peach esters from the Vermont Ale strain and the very light funk and pineapple/mango esters from the Brettanomyces produces a unique flavor and aroma profile that is fruit-forward. Expect this blend to finish drier than the Vermont Ale. We recommend following a similar fermentation scheme as is used for the Vermont Ale, fermenting at 67-69 ºF for 3-4 days, and then raising the temperature to 72 ºF until a stable gravity is reached. Approximately 58 billion cells/vial.

White Labs

  • 1.5 to 3.0 billion per milliliter; homebrew PurePitch® packages contain 60-120 billion cells. See White Labs FAQ for an explanation on varying cell counts in PurePitch® packages, and the public Yeastman database.
Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
WLP072 - French Ale 69-75 Med-High 63-73 Clean strain that complements malt flavor. Low to moderate esters, when fermentation temperature is below 70°F. Moderate plus ester character over 70°F. Low diacetyl production. Good yeast strain for Biere de Garde, blond, amber, brown ales, and specialty beers. Seasonal Availability: May - Jun.
WLP400 - Belgian Wit Ale Hoegaarden/Celis [26] 74-78 Low-Med 67-74 Slightly phenolic and tart, this is the original yeast used to produce Wit in Belgium.
WLP410 - Belgian Wit II Ale Moortgat Brouwerij (via Ommegang?) [26] 70-75 Low-Med 67-74 Less Belgian-like phenolics than WLP400 and more spicy. Will leave a bit more sweetness, and flocculation is higher than WLP400. Use to produce Belgian Wit, spiced Ales, wheat Ales, and specialty Beers.
WLP500 - Monastery Ale Chimay [26] 75-80 Low-Med 65-72 From a Belgian monastery where monks traditionally made beer, this yeast produces the distinctive fruitiness and plum characteristics. Excellent yeast for high gravity beers, Belgian ales, Dubbels and Tripels.
WLP510 - Bastogne Belgian Ale Orval [26] 74-80 Med 66-72 A high gravity, Trappist style ale yeast. Produces dry beer with slight acidic finish. More ‘clean’ fermentation character than WLP500 or WLP530. Not as spicy as WLP530 or WLP550. Excellent yeast for high gravity beers, Belgian ales, Dubbels and Tripels.
WLP515 - Antwerp Ale De Koninck [26] 73-80 Med 67-70 Clean, almost lager like Belgian type ale yeast. Good for Belgian type pales ales and amber ales, or with blends to combine with other Belgian type yeast strains. Biscuity, ale like aroma present. Hop flavors and bitterness are accentuated. Slight sulfur will be produced during fermentation, which can give the yeast a lager like flavor profile. Seasonal Availability: Nov - Dec.
WLP530 - Abbey Ale Westmalle [26] 75-80 Med-High 66-72 Used to produce Trappist style beers. Similar to WLP500, but is less fruity and more alcohol tolerant (up to 15% ABV). Excellent yeast for high gravity beers, Belgian ales, Dubbels and Tripels.
WLP540 - Abbey IV Ale Rochefort [26] 74-82 Med 66-72 An authentic Trappist style yeast. Use for Belgian style ales, Dubbels, Tripels, and specialty beers. Fruit character is medium, in between WLP500 (high) and WLP530 (low). This strain benefits from extra oxygenation. Seasonal Availability: Jul - Aug.
WLP545 - Belgian Strong Ale 78-85 Med 66-72 From the Ardennes region of Belgium, this classic yeast strain produces moderate levels of ester and spicy phenolic character. Typically results in a dry, but balanced finish. This yeast is well suited for Belgian dark strongs, Abbey Ales, and Christmas beers.
WLP550 - Belgian Ale Achouffe [26] 78-85 Med 68-78 Saisons, Belgian Ales, Belgian Reds, Belgian Browns, and White beers are just a few of the classic Belgian beer styles that can be created with this yeast strain. Phenolic and spicy flavors dominate the profile, with less fruitiness then WLP500.
WLP565 - Belgian Saison Brasserie Dupont (Saison Dupont) [26] 65-75 Med 68-75 May stall, use at higher temps to prevent. Considered the "Dupont" strain.
WLP566 - Saison II Vieille Provision Saison Dupont [26] 78-85 Med 68-78 Saison strain with more fruity ester production, Fast Fermenter
WLP568 - Belgian Ale Yeast Blend 70-80 Med 70-80 Belgian style ale and Saison strains. The strains work in harmony to create complex, fruity aromas and flavors. Yeast strain encourages complete fermentation in a timely manner. Phenolic, spicy, earthy, and clove like flavors are also created.
WLP570 - Belgian Golden Ale Duvel (Moortgart) via McEwans [26] 73-78 Low 68-75 From East Flanders, versatile yeast that can produce light Belgian ales to high gravity Belgian beers (12% ABV). A combination of fruitiness and phenolic characteristics dominate the flavor profile. Some sulfur is produced during fermentation, which will dissipate following the end of fermentation.
WLP575 - Belgian Style Ale Yeast Blend WLP500, WLP530, WLP550 [26] 74-80 Med 68-75 A blend of Trappist type yeast (2) and one Belgian ale type yeast. This creates a versatile blend that can be used for Trappist type beer, or a myriad of beers that can be described as 'Belgian type'.
WLP585 Belgian Saison III 70-74 Med 68-75 Produces beer with a high fruit ester characteristic, as well as some slight tartness. Finishes slightly malty, which balances out the esters. Low levels of clove phenolics. Great yeast choice for a summer Saison that is light and easy-drinking. Seasonal Availability: Jul - Aug.
WLP590 French Saison Ale 73-80 Med 69-75 Unique yeast strain producing farmhouse-style beers with a phenolic “bite” and moderate ester compounds. Producing a cleaner aroma profile than other farmhouse styles, this yeast is versatile and highly attenuating. Seasonal Availability: May - Jun.
WLP644 Saccharomyces "Bruxellensis" Trois 85%+ Low 70-85 Medium-High alcohol tolerance. This Belgian strain produces a slightly tart beer with delicate characteristics of mango and pineapple. Can also be used to produce effervescence when bottle-conditioning. Formally named Brettanomyces bruxellensis Trois, it was re-classified to be Saccharomyces, and probably S. cerevisae [27]. White Labs classifies this as a "wild Saccharomyces" [28]. Trois cannot ferment lactose [29]. It, also, does not produce significant amounts of acetic or lactic acid, even under aerobic conditions [30]. Therefore if acid (lactic or acetic) is found in a Trois beer, contamination would be the cause. Approx. 500 million cells per mL; homebrew vials are approx. 17.5 billion cells at 35 mL [31].
WLP6788 Norwegian Farmhouse Ale A kveik strain from a farm called Muri in Olden, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway (6788 is the zip code). It was used in traditional farmhouse brewing up until 1990, then left in dried form in a building on the farm. The son on the farm revived it with difficulty last year and has been using it in modern home brewing since [32]. 80 Medium 98 (no one knows the optimal temperature currently) [32] Purchase from Bryggselv.no. US customers send an email to post @ bryggselv.no. See source information on Lars Garshol's blog for brewing notes. Species currently unknown, but most closely related to bayanus / pastorianus / uvarum / arboricolus [33]. See Kveik for more information.

Wyeast

Name Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
1214 - Belgian Abbey™ 74-78 Med-Low 68-78 A widely used and alcohol tolerant Abbey yeast that is suitable for a variety of Belgian style ales. This strain produces a nice ester profile as well as slightly spicy alcohol notes. It can be slow to start; however, it attenuates well.
1388 - Belgian Strong Ale™ 74-78 Low 64-80 The classic choice for brewing golden strong ales. This alcohol tolerant strain will produce a complex ester profile balanced nicely with subtle phenolics. Malt flavors and aromas will remain even with a well attenuated dry, tart finish. This strain is prone to stalling at approximately 1.035; racking or slight aeration will encourage it to finish fermentation.
1762 - Belgian Abbey II™ 73-77 Med 65-75 An excellent yeast strain for use in Belgian dark strong ales. This strain has a relatively “clean profile” which allows a rich malt and distinctive ethanol character to shine. Delicate dried fruit esters can be produced when used at higher fermentation temperatures or in a high gravity wort.
3463 - Forbidden Fruit™ 72-76 Low 63-76 A widely used strain in the production of Witbier and Grand Cru. This yeast will produce spicy phenolics which are balanced nicely by a complex ester profile. The subtle fruit character and dry tart finish will complement wheat malt, orange peel and spice additions typical of Wits.
3522 - Belgian Ardennes™ 72-76 High 65-76 One of the great and versatile strains for the production of classic Belgian style ales. This strain produces a beautiful balance of delicate fruit esters and subtle spicy notes, with neither one dominating. Unlike many other Belgian style strains, this strain is highly flocculent and results in bright beers.
3538 - PC Leuven Pale Ale 75-78 High 65-80 This vigorous top fermenting Belgian style strain produces a distinct spicy character along with mild esters. Phenolics developed during fermentation may dissipate with conditioning. 3538 is an excellent choice for a wide variety of Belgian beer styles. Private Collection for Spring 2015 (available April-June 2015).
3711 - French Saison Brasserie Thiriez 77-83 Low 65-77  Peppery, spicy and citrusy. This strain enhances the use of spices and aroma hops, and is extremely attenuative but leaves an unexpected silky and rich mouthfeel. See this MTF thread for fermentation tips.
3724 - Belgian Saison™ Dupont 76-80 Low 70-95  It is very tart and dry on the palate with a mild fruitiness. Expect a crisp, mildly acidic finish that will benefit from elevated fermentation temperatures. Notorious for a rapid start, only to stick. Fermentation will finish, at least 90°F. The same or very similar to the "Dupont" strain.
3725 - Biere De Garde Soy-Erezée, Belgium / Fantôme 74-79 Low 70-84 Low to moderate ester production with subtle spiciness. Malty and full on the palate with initial sweetness. Finishes dry and slightly tart. Ferments well with no sluggishness. Available from July through September 2015.
3726 - Farmhouse Ale Blaugies, Belgium 74-79 Med 70-84 This strain produces complex esters balanced with earthy/spicy notes. Slightly tart and dry with a peppery finish. A perfect strain for farmhouse ales and saisons. Available from July through September 2015.
3739 - Flanders Golden Ale™ 74-79 Med-Low 64-80 3739-PC is a well-balanced strain, producing moderate levels of both fruity esters and spicy phenols while finishing dry with a hint of malt. Robust alcohol and temperature tolerance plus strong attenuation make it a good candidate for high-gravity fermentations. Available from April through June 2016.
3787 - Trappist High Gravity™ 74-78 Med 64-78 A classic strain for brewing Belgian Dubbel or Belgian Tripel. This Abbey strain produces a nice balance of complex fruity esters and phenolics, making it desirable for use in other Belgian style ales as well. A flocculent, true top cropping yeast (additional headspace is recommended), that will work over a broad temperature range. This strain makes a great Belgian style “house” strain.
3822 - Belgian Dark Strong Ale™ 74-79 Med 65-80 Oud Bruin/Flanders Brown, Fruit beers, Belgian Golden and Dark Strong Ales, Kriek and Framboise, Belgian Specialty Ale

Profile: 3822-PC is a unique Saccharomyces strain which produces spicy, phenolic and distinctly tart aromas and flavors, which can be increased through warmer fermentation temperatures. Very tart and dry on the palate, complemented well by blending with fruit. Available from April through June 2016.

3864 - Canadian/Belgian Ale™ 74-79 Med 65-80 This alcohol tolerant strain produces complex and well-balanced Belgian Abbey style ales. Banana and fruit esters are complemented nicely with mild levels of phenolics and hints of acidity. Ester levels may be elevated by increasing gravity and fermentation temperatures. May produce some sulfur at cool fermentation temperatures. Available from April through June 2016.
3942 - Belgian Wheat™ 72-76 Med 64-74 Isolated from a small Belgian brewery, this strain produces beers with moderate esters and minimal phenolics. Apple, bubblegum and plum-like aromas blend nicely with malt and hops. This strain will finish dry with a hint of tartness.
3944 - Belgian Witbier™ 72-76 Med 62-75 This versatile Witbier yeast strain can be used in a variety of Belgian style ales. This strain produces a complex flavor profile dominated by spicy phenolics with low to moderate ester production. It is a great strain choice when you want a delicate clove profile not to be overshadowed by esters. It will ferment fairly dry with a slightly tart finish that compliments the use of oats, malted and unmalted wheat. This strain is a true top cropping yeast requiring full fermenter headspace of 33%.

Other Labs

Name Lab Source Attenuation Flocculation Temp°F Notes
Safbrew T-58 Dry Fermentis 70 Med 12-25°C (53.6-77°F) ideally 15-20°C (59-68°F) A specialty ale yeast selected for its estery, somewhat peppery and spicy flavor. Yeast with a good sedimentation: forms no clumps but a powdery haze when re-suspended in the beer.
Safbrew BE-256 Dry Fermentis 82 High 12-25°C (53.6-77°F) ideally 15-20°C (59-68°F) Active dry yeast recommended to brew a diversity of beers amongst which abbey style beers known for their high alcohol content. It ferments very fast and reveals subtle and well-balanced aromas. To maintain the aromatic profile at the end of the fermentation, we do recommend to crop the yeast as soon as possible after fermentation
Danstar Belle Saison - DRY Danstar High 63-80 Belle Saison is also a prodigious sulfur producer, so extended conditioning may be necessary
Danstar Abbaye Belgian Ale Yeast - DRY Danstar Med-High Low 63-80 Abbaye is an ale yeast of Belgian origin selected for its ability to produce great Belgian style beers including high gravity beers such as Dubbel, Trippel and Quads. The propagation and drying processes have been specifically designed to deliver high quality beer yeast that can be used simply and reliably to help produce ales of the finest quality.

Storage

For long term storage (3 months to potentially 2+ years), slants are a good option. For instructions on how to make slants at home capable of storing any microbe for potentially 2+ years, see Bryan's video on Sui Generis Brewing (requires a pressure cooker).

See Also

Additional Articles on MTF Wiki

External Resources

References

  1. ref needed
  2. Yeast viral killer toxins: lethality and self-protection. Manfred J. Schmitt & Frank Breinig. 2006.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Rima Hatoum, Steve Labrie, and Ismail Fliss. 2012.
  4. Advances in Microbial Physiology, Volume 22. Academic Press, Sep 15, 1981. Pg 94-95.
  5. Conversation with Bryan of Sui Generis Blog on MTF on Killer Factor for Saccharomyces. 11/16/2015.
  6. Strains of Yeast Lethal to Brewery Yeasts. A.P. Maule and P.D. Thomas. 1972.
  7. 7.0 7.1 A New Wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae Killer Toxin (Klus), Encoded by a Double-Stranded RNA Virus, with Broad Antifungal Activity Is Evolutionarily Related to a Chromosomal Host Gene. Nieves Rodríguez-Cousiño, Matilde Maqueda, Jesús Ambrona, Emiliano Zamora, Rosa Esteban and Manuel Ramírez. 2011
  8. Non-Saccharomyces killer toxins: Possible biocontrol agents against Brettanomyces in wine? S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. vol.36 n.1 Stellenbosch. 2015.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Antimicrobial Agents Produced by Yeasts. T. Buyuksirit, H. Kuleasan. 2014.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Yeast Interactions in Inoculated Wine Fermentation. Maurizio Ciani, Angela Capece, Francesca Comitini, Laura Canonico, Gabriella Siesto and Patrizia Romano. 2016.
  11. Search on : CBS strain database. CBS. Retreived 04/12/2016.
  12. Conversation with Richard Preiss on MTF regarding S. thermantitonum. 04/12/2016.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Terminal acidic shock inhibits sour beer bottle conditioning by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cody M. Rogers, Devon Veatch, Adam Covey, Caleb Staton, Matthew L. Bochman. 2016.
  14. Conversation with Richard Preiss and Tamir Danon on acclimating yeast to sour beer for conditioning on MTF. 03/24/2016.
  15. Eric Bandauski's Yeast Strain Guide
  16. 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 Private correspondence with IOY by Dan Pixley.09/04/2015.
  17. Conversation with Paul Finney about M29/M27. 03/21/2016.
  18. Mangrove Jack's Craft Serieis Dried Yeast spec sheet. Retrieved 03/21/2016.
  19. NYCY website. NCYC 4021. Retrieved 09/14/2015.
  20. Conversation with Lance Shaner on MTF regarding OYL-057 source. 09/14/2015.
  21. Conversation with Adi Hastings on MTF regarding HotHead. 04/02/2016.
  22. Conversation with Lance Shaner and Lars Marius Garshol on MTF. 01/04/2016.
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 SouthYeast Labs Yeast Catalog. Retrieved 3/2/2015.
  24. Conversation with Nick Implellitteri and Ed Coffey on MTF. 08/19/2015.
  25. Conversation with Lars Marius Garshol on MTF. 02/10/2016.
  26. 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 Mr. Malty website. Yeast Strain Sources. Retrieved 01/20/2016.
  27. Archive of MTF discussions regarding Trois genetic analysis results.
  28. White Labs 644 Explanation. 04/09/2015. Retrieved 5/2/2015.
  29. Lance Shaner's results of fermenting Trois with lactose on MTF. 10/12/2015.
  30. Conversation with Lance Shaner of Omega Labs on MTF. 01/17/2016.
  31. Homebrewing Reddit post. 02/26/2016.
  32. 32.0 32.1 Conversation with Lars Garshol. 6/4/2015.
  33. Accugenix Report from White Labs on WLP 6788. Posted by Eskild Alexander Bergan on Milk The Funk. 6/4/2015.