Changes

'''Coolship''' (Anglicized version of the Dutch/Flemish ''koelschip'') is a type of fermentation vessel used in the production of beer. Traditionally, a ''coolship'' is a broad, open-top, flat vessel in which wort cools. The high surface to mass ratio allows for more efficient cooling. Contemporary usage includes any open fermentor used in the production of beer, even when using modern mechanical cooling techniques. Traditionally, ''coolships'' were constructed of wood, but later were lined with iron or copper for better thermal conductivity. See also the [http://www.milkthefunk.com/ccc/ MTF Coolship Cooling Calculator]. See [[Spontaneous_Fermentation#Cooling|Spontaneous Fermentation]] for information on dissolved oxygen in wort that is cooled overnight in a coolship. A less common practice that has been gaining some traction in the US is using a portable coolship. These coolships are designed to be transported, often in the back of pickup trucks. The coolship should have a baffle that prevents the dangerously hot wort from spilling out of the coolship. The coolship can then be transported anywhere to inoculate the wort. See [http://allaboutbeer.com/article/portable-coolships/ this All About Beer Magazine article].

Abbreviated '''SA:V''', the surface area to volume ratio is the proportion between the surface area of the wort (the dimensions of the wort exposed to the sides of the vessel), and the volume of the wort. The SA:V affects the cooling rate of the wort. In addition to this, the surface area of the top of the vessel which is exposed to air in proportion to the volume of wort potentially affects the inoculation rate of the vessel.  ====Cooling Rate====The cooling rate of the exposed wort is influenced by a number of factors including the ambient temperature, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity thermal conductivity] of the coolship material(for example, Jester King Brewery noted a faster, more preferable cooling rate for a 30 bbl coolship made from copper versus stainless steel because copper is a better thermal conductor <ref>[http://www.thebrewingnetwork.com/session-jester-king-brewery/ "Jester King Brewery"; Interview with Averie Swanson from Jester King Brewery. Brewing Network Session Podcast. 01/30/2017. ~1:22:00 minutes in.]</ref>), and the surface area to volume ratio <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/heatingandcooling/heatingrev6.shtml ''Energy transfer by heating''. BBC website, Bitesize section. Retrieved 7/24/2015.]</ref>. The most important factor is the ambient temperature, but the easiest variable to control is the surface area to volume ratio. The greater the surface area of a given liquid the faster it will cool <ref>[http://www.fmf.uni-lj.si/~planinsic/articles/Cheese%20cubes_EJP.pdf The surface-to-volume ratio in thermal physics: from cheese cube physics to animal metabolism. Gorazd Planinsic and Michael Vollmer. European Journal of Physics. 29 (2008) 369–384.]</ref>. For example, imagine 100 liters of hot liquid is in a very wide and flat container. It will cool much faster than if it was in a perfectly square container, and even faster still than if it was in a spherical container. See [http://wordpress.mrreid.org/2011/10/20/spherical-ice-cubes-and-surface-area-to-volume-ratio/ this article for another explanation of how surface area to volume ratio affects cooling]. The surface area to volume ratio also affects the inoculation rate. The more surface area to volume ratio, the more microorganisms that will be collected in the coolship for the given volume of wort <ref name="Howat">[http://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/resources/conference-seminars/ ''Wild and Spontaneous Fermentation at Home''. Presentation by James Howat at 2015 NHC.]</ref>.

Scaling a commercial-sized coolship down to homebrewing volumes will produce a coolship that does not match the surface area to volume ratio of the larger coolship. For this reason, the surface area to volume ratio should be the driving factor in determining how to design the shape and depth of a homebrewing coolship. In his 2015 National Homebrewer's Conference presentation, Wild and Spontaneous Fermentation at Home, James Howat provides a comparison of the surface area to volume ratios between a 36 BBL coolship and a 10 gallon coolship scaled down linearly from the 36 BBL coolship <ref name="Howat"></ref>. To keep the comparison simple, it compares only on the surface area of wort exposed to the air because this is where the most heat escapes from the wort. (A comparison including the total surface area of wort would show an even larger difference between the examples.)

::Surface area of the top surface of the wort (2wl + 2lh + 2wh) = 100 260 sq. ft.::Surface Area to Volume ratio = 100260/150 = '''01.6773''' sq. ft. per cubic foot(56.8 cm² per L)

::Surface area of the top surface of the wort (2wl + 2lh + 2wh) = 614.25 5 sq. ft.::Surface Area to Volume ratio = 614.255/1.25 = '''511.6''' sq. ft. per cubic foot(380.6 cm² per L)

This example indicates a substantially lower ratio for the 36 BBL coolship. At the lower ratio, the wort will cool considerably slower. As a result difference in cooling rate between the two coolships, the inoculation rate and ratio between microorganisms may differ. Designing a coolship for homebrew volumes may result in a coolship that does not appear similar to its larger companions. To get as close to the 1.73 ratio of the 36 BBL coolship with our 10 gallon example, the dimensions would have to be as close to a cube as possible with dimensions approximately 1.1' x 1.1' x 1.03'. This still only gives a SA:V of 4.9 sq. ft. per cubic foot. A homebrewer desiring a more shallow vessel may insulate the coolship to slow the cooling rate although this may affect the inoculate rate. A typical homebrew-volume boil kettle is closer to the larger coolship (estimated 1-2 sq. ft. per cubic foot) and insulating the kettle when using it as a coolship may slow the cooling rate closer to that of a commercial-volume coolship. ====Inoculation Surface Area====The ''top'' surface area to volume ratio affects the inoculation rate. Some brewers may want their coolship inoculation rate to be somewhere near what commercial coolships are. An example to find the SA:V ratio of just the top surface using the same two coolship dimensions follows: <code>:Example of a 36 bbl coolship:::Dimensions of the 36 coolship: 10' x 10' x 1.5'.::Wort volume = 1122 gallons = 150 cubic feet. ::Surface area of the top surface of the wort (w x l) = 100 sq. ft.::Surface Area to Volume ratio = 100/150 = '''0.67''' sq. ft. per cubic foot (22.0 cm² per L) :Example of a 10 gallon coolship:::Dimensions of the 10 gallon coolship: 2.5' x 2.5' x 0.20'::Wort volume: 9.35 gallons = 1.25 cubic feet.::Surface area of the top surface of the wort (w x l) = 6.25 sq. ft.::Surface Area to Volume ratio = 6.25/1.25 = '''5''' sq. ft. per cubic foot (164 cm² per L)</code>  The example above shows that the shallow 10 gallon coolship also has a much larger ''top'' surface area to volume ratio. ====Coolship SA:V Calculator==== Mark B. Fry's coolship SA:V calculator will differcalculate the SA:V for cylindrical kettles (updated by Joe Idoni to include a second tab for rectangular coolships). In order to use the files they must be downloaded. Click "File", "Download as", and select "Microsoft Excel (.xlsx)":* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HFBTCt99OQ9-jSGI9jBZXwC6SqtZZVwlpXYw2rjLO4k/edit#gid=90184859 Original spreadsheet by Mark B. Fry (download and save a copy to use).]* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1gB4347cP70Sw6topMoOvDydMYQcS2PF7M0Yl0vgbZbk/edit#gid=1777054704 Updated version by Joe Idoni with tab for rectangular coolships (second tab; download and save a copy to use).] ==Commercial Coolships== This table shows the dimensions of various commercial coolships (sources noted below the table). The volume of the coolships has been calculated from the dimensions, and therefore it is slightly larger than the practical filling volume. Surface area:volume is calculated for the top surface exposed to air for both the maximum fill and the approximate batch sizes as well as the total surface area (including the walls and bottom of the coolship). Some breweries use multiple coolships at once. When multiple identical coolships are used, numbers in parentheses following brewery names indicate the number of coolships used and the volume given is the total combined volume of these coolships. For brewers who prefer ft²:ft³, 10 cm²:L is equal to 0.305 ft²:ft³. {| class="wikitable sortable"|-! Brewery !! Coolship Material !! Volume (total if multiple) (HL)!! Surface Area:Volume (top, min) (cm²:L)!! Actual Surface Area:Volume (top, estimated) (cm²:L)!! Surface Area:Volume (Total, min) (cm²:L)!! Brew Size (HL, approx)!! Length (cm)!! Width (cm)!! Height (cm)|-| 3 Fonteinen (4) || Stainless Steel || 62.3 || 35.7 || 55.6 || 90.8 || 40 || 400 || 139 || 28|- | Cantillon<nowiki>*</nowiki> || Copper || 75 || 33.3 || 38.5 || 74.7 || || 500 || 500 || 30|-| De Troch (2) || Stainless Steel || 57.3 || 38.3 || 68.7 || 88.7 || 32 || 349.3 || 314.5 || 26.1|-| Lindemans (new) || Stainless Steel || 234.3 || 19.9 || 23.3 || 46.4 || 200 || 1113.3 || 419.3 || 50.2|-| Timmermans || Copper || 236.1 || 26.8 || 57.5 || 58.6 || 110 || 810.1 || 781.3 || 37.3|-| Omer Vander Ghinste || Copper || 198 || 18.2 || 25.7 || 43.0 || 140 || 600 || 600 || 55|-| Van Honsebrouck || Stainless Steel || 352.5 || 17.2 || 26.4 || 39.6 || 230 || 778.9 || 778.9 || 58.1|-| Liefmans (2)<nowiki>**</nowiki> || Copper || 542 || 28.2 || 31.9 || 62.2 || 480 || 1749 || 440 || 35.4|-| Black Project (full)<nowiki>***</nowiki> || Copper || 13.6 || 21.9 || 24.8 || 68.4 || 12 || 243.8 || 121.9 || 45.7|-| Black Project (half) || Copper || 6.8 || 21.9 || 24.8 || 76.6 || 6 || 121.9 || 121.9 || 45.7|-| Jester King || Copper || 84.9 || 21.9 || 50.2 || 53.6 || 37 || 609.6 || 304.8 || 45.7|-| Mantra || Stainless Steel || 18.9 || 32.8 || 35.2 || 83.1 || 17.6 || 381 || 162.6 || 30.5|-| Monkish || Stainless Steel || 22.6 || 16.4 || 23.2 || 54.2 || 16 || 243.8 || 121.9 || 91.4|-| Orpheus || Stainless Steel || 28.3 || NA || ~26 || 76.7 (actual) || 10 || 91 (radius) || NA || 43.2 (fill height)|-| The Referend (full)<nowiki>****</nowiki>|| Stainless Steel || 55.4 || 21.9 || 34.5 || 56.1 || 35.2 || 508.0 || 238.8 || 45.7|-| The Referend (small) || Stainless Steel || 19.4 || 21.9 || 36.3 || 63.4 || 11.7 || 177.8 || 238.8 || 45.7|-| The Referend (large) || Stainless Steel || 36.0 || 21.9 || 33.6 || 58.2 || 23.5 || 330.2 || 238.8 || 45.7|-| Sour Cellars || Stainless Steel || 7.4 || 17.5 || 18.0 || 70.7 || 7.2 || 135.9 || 95.3 || 57.2|-| Trinity ||Stainless Steel || 27.2 || 10.9 || 17.5 || 46.5 || 17 || 243.8 || 121.9 || 91.4|-| The Veil || Stainless steel || 31.7 || 16.4 || 29.5 || 50.4 || 17.6 || 243.9 || 213.3 || 60.9|-|}<nowiki>*</nowiki>An extra vessel is available to hold additional wort in case the wort volume exceeds the coolship capacity <nowiki>**</nowiki>These coolships were used to cool wort to an intermediate temperature (~50-60 C) before finishing cooling with a Baudelot chiller, rather than for inoculation. They are no longer in use. <nowiki>***</nowiki>The Black Project coolship is a single vessel with a divider allowing the coolship to be half filled with the depth and exposed surface area remaining the same as if it were completely filled. <nowiki>****</nowiki>The coolship at The Referend Bier Blendery is a single vessel divided into two unequal compartments. This allows the coolship to be filled with three different brew sizes while maintaining the same fill depth and exposed surface area. This table is based on data collected by [https://belgianbeergeek.be/2016/11/27/coolship-the-yeast-over-koelschepen-en-beestjes/ Belgian Beer Geek] on the characteristics of coolships in various breweries and from MTF member contributions<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1790239601004246/ MTF thread about coolship dimensions]</ref>.

Designing ===Manufacturers===Any metal tank manufacturer can generally build a coolship for homebrew volumes may result in a coolship that does not appear similar to its larger companions<ref>[https://www. To match the 0facebook.67 ratio of the 36 BBL coolship com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1327576813937196/?comment_id=1327588103936067&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R3%22%7D Conversation with our 10 gallon exampleJoe Wells on MTF. 06/11/2016.]</ref>. However, the dimensions would have to be approximately 0below are manufacturers that specialize in their construction for commercial breweries: * [http://www.foedercrafters.915' x 0com/koelschip/ Foedercrafters.915' x 1]* [http://www.49' with a surface area of 0metalcraftfabrication.8375'com/ Metal Crafters Fabrication. A homebrewer desiring a more shallow vessel may insulate the coolship to slow the cooling rate although this may affect the inoculate rate]* [http://nsibrew. A typical homebrew-volume boil kettle is closer to the larger com Newlands (copper coolship (estimated 1-2 sq. ft. per cubic foot) and insulating the kettle when using it as a coolship may slow the cooling rate closer to that of a commercial-volume coolship.]

Some commercial brewers have reported positive results from using industrial maple syrup boil pans. [https://www.facebook.com/groups/MilkTheFunk/permalink/1459172714110938/?comment_id=1459763314051878&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D See this MTF thread] for more information.===Miscelaneous Information===* [https://docswww.googlefacebook.com/spreadsheetsgroups/MilkTheFunk/dpermalink/1HFBTCt99OQ9-jSGI9jBZXwC6SqtZZVwlpXYw2rjLO4k1637570519604489/edit#gid?comment_id=90184859 Coolship SA:V calculator with approximation 1637600782934796&reply_comment_id=1637627056265502&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R%22%7D James Howat's comparison of cooling rate by Mark B. Frycopper versus stainless steel coolships on MTF (multiple subreplies).]

* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1HFBTCt99OQ9-jSGI9jBZXwC6SqtZZVwlpXYw2rjLO4k/edit#gid=90184859 Coolship SA:V calculator with approximation of cooling rate by Mark B. Fry (download and save a copy to use).]